New research delving into the DNA of bison sheds light on the impact of their near-extinction and subsequent return to North American landscapes. The study, recently featured in the journal Science, involved sequencing 160 bison genomes spanning 20,000 years. Led by Jonas Oppenheimer of the Paleogenomics Lab at the University of California, Santa Cruz, the research involved nearly 40 scientists, many of whom were Canadian.
The genetic analysis revealed how the bison’s genetic diversity has evolved over time. The findings are crucial for guiding modern conservation efforts to ensure the species’ survival. The study highlighted the challenges faced by modern bison herds, which are now fragmented and managed in isolated populations, affecting their resilience.
Researchers collected DNA samples from ancient bison bones and living herds to create a comprehensive genetic map of the species. The study emphasized the importance of managing bison herds separately due to their distinct genetic signatures. While genetic diversity has been preserved to some extent, the herds’ isolation poses risks of inbreeding and further diversity loss.
The research also debunked the common belief of significant cattle ancestry in bison populations. It distinguished wood bison from plains bison, showing their substantial genetic differences and the impact of human interventions on their intermixing. Efforts are underway to reconnect isolated herds and mitigate genetic impacts through strategic breeding programs.
The study’s lead researcher, Greg Wilson, emphasized the importance of genetic conservation and the need for coordinated efforts to maintain bison diversity. By utilizing ancient genomes as a baseline, conservationists aim to restore gene flow and promote genetic diversity to help bison thrive in their natural habitats.